Prosopography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prosopography - Assignment Example They additionally have a customary administration structure, where there is a chamber of strict pioneers, explicitly men, who settles on choices in the interest of the whole network. Moreover, this network will in general develop apple trees, cherry along with huge measures of wheat. Dominant part of the Druze family will in general develop their own natural products, vegetables and prepare their own bread. Druze ladies customarily dress in long blue or white dresses with a white headscarf, while their men had relinquished their conventional methods of dressing, explicitly the shirwal and develop mustache (Gordon, 12). Their homes are hardly outfitted, with a trademark low wooden table and dainty pads lined against the dividers. Their language has an Egyptian starting point; their language can without much of a stretch be perceived because of the way that they have a sharp way to express the letter â€Å"q†. Essentially, the life of Druze man spins around his family and partic ipation of strict gatherings on each Thursday night. They have a high feeling of neighborliness in their way of life and will in general visit each other in their homes (Gordon, 14). As to separate, it is an uncommon activity among the Druze; in any case, men may start separate from when a spouse neglects to manage kids. Thus, the Syrian Druze has a novel religion, which can be followed back to Egypt; much of the time, their Druze religion has been repudiated by Muslims (Gordon, 16). The Community had a positive relationship with the Assad system, essentially attributable to the way that Assad figured out how to look for enormous help from the minority networks; in any case, as of now the network is torn in the middle of supporting Assad and the Islamist radicals. A portion of the Druzes has asserted that Assad bombed them by not furnishing them with weapons to shield themselves from the Jabhat Al-Nusra assaults (Gordon, 22). The Druze of Syria are less fortunate when contrasted wit h other minority networks; this has been ascribed to the way that they have spent numerous years on war issues as opposed to

Essay Topics For Uncle Toms Cabin

Essay Topics For Uncle Tom's CabinMany students find essay topics for Uncle Tom's Cabin very challenging. They are usually associated with a famous American novel. Some of the more challenging topics include: the author, life in the 1800s, controversy, and the movie. These topics require an understanding of both literature and historical events.Students need to be aware that they are taking on a new story. They need to have some knowledge of the series prior to beginning. This allows them to compare the writing style of the different books. Sometimes some readers become offended when a writer attempts to write about something they have never read.Uncle Tom's Cabin essay topics can be challenging because they are novel. It is also a historical novel which many students do not understand. When students attempt to look at the story from a historical perspective, they will often find themselves frustrated by the historical inaccuracies. With the type of information students are required to have prior to reading a novel, they should be able to grasp these changes.Being able to put together a coherent thesis is essential for students to have strong writing skills. This is one reason why many instructors are reluctant to give students' essays to work on, but they are often difficult to write for some students. There are many essay topics for Uncle Tom's Cabin available online.It can help to use some sort of guide to determine if the topic is well known, or if it is a research paper or a novel. If the book is a favorite of the writer, they will be more likely to include the novel in the essay. If there is an issue like controversy, this will be on the front of the book and will not be obvious in the plot of the novel.The most important part of the essay is the introduction, which will describe who the author is, and what is the context of the book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. All of the main characters should be noted, including the antagonist, and the side characters. Even tho ugh the main character is a terrible father, he should not be a cruel person. This needs to be written carefully.It is important to note all of the important points of the story and not take the reader out of the book. The author should not provide any type of a factual error, which the reader could be taken in by. If they are going to make this point, they need to discuss it very briefly, or remove it entirely from the essay.Uncle Tom's Cabin essay topics can be tricky, but if they are learned and practiced, they can be fun and educational. Many authors will offer such essays as a gift. They will often take the opportunity to share with the class some details about their creative process. This makes it very interesting and an enjoyable experience. Many students find this a perfect way to spend their last year of high school.

How to Write the Yale Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the Yale Supplement 2019-2020 Yale is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale is best known as a member of the Ivy League, and it routinely attracts world-renowned educators and researchers. Beyond exceptional academics, Yale meets 100% of demonstrated financial need for their 5,964 students without any loans. The acceptance rate is 6.22%. Before we go into the supplement, we have a bit of a bone to pick with the office of admissions at Yale. Strap in. The vast majority of colleges who use the Common App, which means that the vast majority of colleges in America, release their supplements on August 1st. A small group of stragglers release their supplements in the following days. Three, four, typically five days late at most. Not Yale. Just as Yale strives to excel as an educational institution, they appear also to strive to excel at inconveniencing students. This year, Yale did not publish their supplement until after August 19th. Over two weeks late. Why is this more than just an inconvenie nce? Well, we believe that students should have the opportunity to work on their applications before school starts back up. College applications are stressful. But many high school students in Florida, California, and other areas of the United States have already started their fall semester. So, by publishing their supplement so absurdly late, Yale has stripped huge numbers of students of the opportunity to work ahead. We think this is pretty inconsiderate and uncool, and we’d like it if Yale didn’t repeat the practice â€" especially since they didn’t even have the decency to change their supplement!  We’re done ranting about Yale’s absurdity, so it’s time to get into the re-used questions, and it’s about time. There are a lot of them. The first question is tucked into the “Academics” section. First, you need to select three areas of academic interest. After selecting them, you will need to answer the question below.  Why do these areas appeal to you? (up to appro ximately 100 words).The word limit on this question is “approximate,” so we advise students to keep their answer to 90-110 words. This question doesn’t require you to say how you plan on pursuing the interests at Yale (that comes later), so you don’t need to fit that in. You only need to answer the question. Ideally, your interests are diverse but intertwined. For example, you may be interested in history, English, and African studies. For this answer, you could illustrate how these three subjects support one other academically and how you would grow intellectually by studying them in parallel. After the question above, there are the “Additional Questions.” These are the official Yale supplement prompts. What is it about Yale that has led you to apply? (125 words or fewer)You didn’t go into ‘why Yale’ in the first question. The reason why is because you still had this one coming up. For this question, you need to do two things: 1) focus on academics, and 2) be spec ific. Talking about how great the history department is isn’t specific enough. You need to name 1-2 professors you would like to work with, a class or two that you’d like to take, and a program inside or outside of the traditional classroom that you feel would further you in your studies. Do not waste any of your 125 words talking about a lovely tour guide or beautiful trees. You’re applying to college. Please respond in no more than  200 characters  (approximately 35 words), to each of the following questions:    What inspires you?  Keep it simple and avoid anything too closely related to your academic interests. Continuing the history trend for this post, you shouldn’t talk about how powerful women of history inspire you if you said earlier that you want to major in history. That is too on-the-nose. Think small and allow yourself to be abstract. For us, it’s bioluminescence. If an animal can glow on the outside, metaphorically glowing on the inside should be a piece of c ake. (That was cheesy, we know, but the illustration stands.) Yale’s residential colleges regularly host conversations with guests representing a wide range of experiences and accomplishments. What person, past or present, would you invite to speak? What question would you ask?We love this question! While it does allow you to ‘invite’ dead people, we like to keep answers here in the world of the living. Think about someone related to your area of interest, but who has a potentially broad appeal. Bonus points to you if the person you pick is a C-list celebrity or below. Neil deGrasse Tyson is an awesome and inspiring human, but he probably wouldn’t be a novel suggestion. For the question, keep it to one â€" because they ask for one. You are teaching a Yale course. What is it called?Another question that we love! Have fun here and try to stay at least tangentially related to one or more of your areas of interest. Try writing it as if it existed, but make sure it doesn’t befo re you start. And yes, they already have classes on K-Pop, fake news, and the ethics of forgiveness. Most first-year Yale students live in suites of four to six people. What do you hope to add to your suitemates' experience? What do you hope they will add to yours?Yale for the win again! They have almost made up for being so annoying…but not quite. This supplement is a place to show that you are not a robot. You are, in fact, a teenager who eats, breathes, and, presumably, sleeps ion a room with your suite-mates. We love micro-stories about sharing pieces of your culture, preferably through food. After these very short answer questions come two longer essays:Think about an idea or topic that has been intellectually exciting for you. Why are you drawn to it?  (250 words) This is a very fun question but, before you start, look back at your answer for the very first question in this supplement. For this longer essay, you cannot repeat anything in that first answer. It must be origina l content, and we’d love for it to be strange, niche, and authentic. Don’t start Googling ‘intellectually exciting topics’ or pulling complicated concepts out of the physics textbook you haven’t cracked in a year. Yale isn’t nearly as interested in what you say excited you than they are in how you write about it. If you are genuinely excited and can convey that through the supplement, they will be excited about you. Please respond to either one of the following prompts in 250 words or fewer.   A. Reflect on your engagement with a community to which you belong. How has this engagement affected you?  If you are considering this prompt, remember that your community does not need to be flashy or crazy or overtly cool for it to be meaningful. Like the prompt above, they are less interested in the what than they are in the why. The readers are looking to gain clarity around who you are, and where you come from is a huge part of that. Start by brainstorming all of the communit ies you are part of. There is your town, your school, your religious community if you are part of one, any teams you are on, clubs you lead, or activities you are highly committed to (such a community theater â€" it has community in the name!). We advise students to select one to focus on that is both small and that you are an active member of, not just floating through. They want to see you in action, so focus on how you contribute to the health of a community you care about. B. Yale students, faculty, and alumni engage issues of local, national, and international importance. Discuss an issue that is significant to you and how your college experience could help you address it. This is another question that we really love, but you must look smaller rather than larger. By focusing on a local issue, you can actually hit the key points of Prompt A (your role in a community) while acing this question. What is an issue in a community you are a part of? It could be economic, social, medi cal, or legal. If you’re in a city, it may be gentrification. If you’re in the country, it may be rising property taxes and the decline in small farms. For this question, the two things that you absolutely must do are 1) show the complexity of the problem and 2) link your desire to problem solve to what Yale can offer you. For example, if you were to go the rural farming route, you could talk about how rising local taxes are forcing farmers to give up their land, but they are also raising more money for struggling schools, which could help address issues of underemployment. Basically, that it isn’t as simple as just cutting a tax. Then, you could say that you’d like to take the “Agrarian Societies” anthropology course and the course “Inequality in America,” as well as to combine your anthropology studies with economics courses geared towards developing economies and that may be able to shed light on small-scale developing economies in the United States. We’d defini tely be interested in pursuing it, and they probably would be too.    If you’re trying to get into the Ivy League, it helps to have an extra set of eyes. Send us an email; we’d love to take a look.

Centered Therapy And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Centered Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Etiology of Problems Person-Centered Therapists don’t use standardized diagnostic tools to assess client presenting problems – as a way to avoid the kinds of labels that harm client-therapist relationships and as a way to avoid clumping clients together with others of the same condition. A more important initial goal for Person-Centered Therapists is to ensure that the student or client knows and believes that the therapist sees them all as individuals and values them. In this sense, Person-Centered Therapy is more of a mindset or approach than a list of strategies. Carl Rogers outlined six factors necessary for growth in a therapeutic setting, and beginning sessions will focus on†¦show more content†¦Major Interventions A Person-Centered Therapy relationship often begins with a conversation about informed consent, which stresses openness and acceptance and warns that â€Å"being in counseling isn’t easy and it’s never an emotionally neutral experience† (Sommers-Flanagan, p. 167). This can set the tone of empowerment of and respect for the client. Once empathy and unconditional positive regard for the student or client are established, a Person-Centered Therapist maintains a person-centered way of being. Though PCT does not employ a list of concrete strategies or techniques, it does require a set of attitudes. In contemporary practice, Motivational Interviewing has become an accepted technique. It involves a more directed approach than traditional PCT, but maintains a respectful, empathic relationship with unconditional positive regard. Through MI, a Person-Centered Therapist will instruct, advise, and persuade the client or student to identify the core feelings and thoughts surrounding their apparent ambivalence toward a problematic issue. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an endeavor to support students or clients as they explore their irrational, dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs, and develop more rational beliefs and thoughts as well as skills to cope with their maladaptive thoughts and inner speech. The initial session will include a statement ofShow MoreRelatedPerson-Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay2573 Words   |  11 Pages In the 1940s Carl Rogers was well on his way to revolutionizing the state of traditional, directive psychotherapy and pioneering what would soon become the person-centered approach. Although Rogers strayed from the psychological mainstream’s view that therapists drive their clients recovery through such mediums as advice, direction, teaching and interpretation he still believed that the therapist’s role was crucial, and it was their attributes that paved the way to increased awareness and self-directedRead More Person Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behav ioral Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 1203 Words   |  5 Pagestoday. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is another popular theory that is used. It emphasizes the present and fixing cognitive distortions that clients may have. However, it too received some arguments against it, such as; treating symptoms and not the underlying cause of an illness. The theories that will be discussed are Carl Roger’s theory of Person Centered Therapy, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and how they would treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In Person Centered therapyRead MorePsychology Methods1267 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween two therapies used in psychology. The approaches are known as the Client-Centered Approach and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. They are both used daily, world-wide, and can be seen in different ways. In psychology, the use of therapy, approaches, and techniques are used all the time. The client-centered model is all about the clients themselves and the cognitive behavioral therapy relies on direct counseling tools to control and guide the client. Cognitive behavioral therapy is more short-termRead MoreAnalysis Of The One That Caught My Attention And Interest1589 Words   |  7 Pagespresented, the one that caught my attention and interest was that of John, the 24 year old recent college graduate and mechanical engineer. I began our session by inviting John to tell me a little about his concerns and what has bought him into therapy to see me. Though hesitant at first, I positioned myself a lit tle closer to John, sitting directly across from him, conversation style, leaning forward somewhat showing him he had my undivided attention while using direct eye contact, John soon cameRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Counseling1051 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual. Cognitive-Behavior Theory Cognitive-behavioral theories are described as a set of related theories, which have evolved over time. There isn’t real definition of cognitive-behavioral theory. Both theories are tied together by similarities and techniques strategies. Cognitive Behavior theories maintain their role in which cognitions play in behavior and personalities. Cognitive-behavioral techniques target both cognitive and behavioral problems with the use of cognitive and behavioral strategiesRead MoreEssay about Contrast Effective Biblical Counseling Concepts1412 Words   |  6 Pagesworldly challenges, a Christian counselor also faces humanistic therapeutic false views of secular therapy. Christian counselors maintain a focal point in guiding people to living a life that is full of spiritual richness and maturity. Yet, secular therapist focuses on self-gratification and self-actualization. As Christian ministry helpers, you must be living by the truth and exemplify a Christ-centered life. Crab b (1977) developed a counseling model that teaches us how to develop individualizedRead MoreExamining Effectiveness Of Treatment Strategies Used With Survivors Of Rape1357 Words   |  6 PagesExamining Effectiveness of Treatment Strategies Used With Survivors of Rape Therapy for survivors of rape is often difficult to obtain. The lack of availability of counselors who specialize in specific trauma treatments, like prolonged exposure and cognitive-processing therapy, as well as lack of insurance and location, are hardships for treatment-seeking individuals. Therefore, it is important to pinpoint the most effective treatments for those who have suffered the trauma of rape. The purposeRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy Treatment For Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive behavioral therapy treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an acute stress disorder (2013). Individuals that experience this disorder are exposed to or have had an experience of near death or bodily harm (American Psychiatric Association. 2013). Evidence based therapy that has shown positive outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which is based on changing behaviorRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesand techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacological intervention and cognitive and behavioral therapy. They are not wrong in using these techniques, but rather should seek the Lord and take a biblical approach in therapy. Part 1: Goal of Christian Counseling In part one – â€Å"ARead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Counselor Go Hand With Good Counseling Skills1139 Words   |  5 Pagesthe helper and the client, which by information sharing and exchange of ideas. The qualities of a good counselor go hand in hand with good counseling skills. Cognitive Behavior Therapy My most favored counseling therapy method would be Cognitive Behavior Therapy, also known as CBT. According to the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist, â€Å"As a research-based treatment modality, CBT is an effective treatment for substance abuse, eating disorders, and specific mental health diagnoses

Oil Production Of Nigeria s Niger Essay - 1300 Words

Final TNC paper Oil production in Nigeria’s Niger Delta began in 1956. Ever since then, the Delta communities have recognized unrest as oil was being distributed in profitable quantities. Oil has been Nigeria’s leading export product for more than six decades. Even though, oil has given Nigeria a tremendous economic boost, nearly sixty percent of that oil production has been carried out under Shell’s regulation, and during these past six decades, there has been enormous environmental degradation because of frequent oil spills and gas flaring. This has led to a polluted fish ponds and declining growth of crops in Niger communities. Shell has personally financed Nigerian militants to insure the production of oil, and this has led to brutal murders and illegal executions of community members who tried to protest the damages that shell was creating to their environment. So why and how is Shell still operating and still committing human right crimes in Nigeria? This p aper will explain why Shell has dominated Nigeria since the 1950s, how the company has damaged the lives of numerous communities, insured the production of oil to this day through militant use, and still managed to separate themselves from the many years of violence that they founded. Shell Oil Company, also known as Royal Dutch Shell is an international oil company that is not only one of America s largest oil and natural gas and gasoline producers and marketers but also amongst the largest oil companies in theShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Nigerian Presidential Amnesty Program1723 Words   |  7 Pagesof Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR), on crude oil production in Nigeria. The President of Nigeria announced the program on June 25th, 2009 which aimed to put an end to the insurgency crisis experienced in the Niger Delta region, particularly between 2006 - 2009 which had led to an average loss of about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per day (cited in Asuni, 2009) and which had major implications for the government s revenue. Militants were given the opportunity for a state pardonRead MoreOil And Gas Industry Analysis1342 Words   |  6 Pagestwelve months, the decline in oil and gas activities has not only led to retrenchment of workers in the oi l and gas sector in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria, mainly within the International Oil Companies (IOC†s), but has also affected non-related oil and gas sectors such as the contractors and vendors to the Oil and Gas sector; this has triggered several thoughts outside the box to welcome an industry diversification. The Nigerian Government, which solely depends on the oil and gas exports has alsoRead MoreExploring New Frontiers And Production Of Hydrocarbon From Niger Delta Basin Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnew frontiers and production of hydrocarbon from the Niger Delta basin for use in the energy sector. Sequel to this, it is pertinent to have adequate knowledge about the geology the basin to discover and exploit new conventional sources. The geology of the Niger Delta basin is summarized into three depositional belts; Akata, Agbada and the Benin formation. The source rock for oil in the basin is from the Akata formation whilst Agbada formation is the main reservoir. Nu merous oil fields have been drilledRead MoreThe Help of Shell in the Niger Delta Region Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Help of Shell in the Niger Delta Region TABLE OF CONTENTâ€Æ' Introduction Shell is a group of oil and petrol companies. The parent company is Royal Dutch Shell, based in Britain, is a multinational corporation (MNC). The group of companies is active in countries all over the world, including Nigeria. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is extremely rich in oil resources. Rightly so, their business-connection goes back over fifty years. Likewise, a Shell company, the Shell Petroleum DevelopmentRead MoreMarketing Nigeri Nigeria s Largest Economy1231 Words   |  5 PagesDe’Angelo Collington Dr. Bunger WC 370 SSA 1/24/17 Marketing Nigeria In April 2014 statistical rebasing exercise, Nigeria has emerged as Africa s largest economy, with 2015 GDP estimated at $1.1 trillion. Oil has been a dominant source of income and government revenues since the 1970s. Following the 2008-9 global financial crises, the banking sector was effectively recapitalized and regulation enhanced. Nigeria’s economic growth over the last five years has been driven by growth in agricultureRead MoreThe Culture Of The Niger Delta Region Of Southern Nigeria1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen impacted by globalization. The Ogoni culture indigenous non-western culture in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria attained influence from the oil industry (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). In 1956, after World War II, Shell Oil Company from Britain began searching for oil deposits in new territory, with discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). Prior to the globalization of the oil industry, the Ogoni culture, had a culture of tradition expanding over 500 years. This cultureRead MoreEssay on Shell Nigeria1322 Words   |  6 Pages Shell Nigeria nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1958 the Royal Dutch/Shell Group started drilling for, transporting and refining oil in Nigeria. Nigeria’s large supply of high quality crude oil helped Shell climb to the top, by 1994 Shell made more money than other company in the world. Everything changed for Shell in 1996 when the world became aware of their unethical business practices in Nigeria. Shell had raped the environment, violated human rights of the Nigerian people and manipulated localRead MoreSolutions to the Niger Delta Problems in Nigeria4181 Words   |  17 PagesSOLUTIONS TO THE NIGER DELTA PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA AN ASSIGNMENT WRITTEN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE COURSE DVS 512: TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT BY ISU, DORATHY AKWUGO PG/MSC/07/46529 LECTURER: DR. OGAKWU INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS. AUGUST 2009 BACKGROUND The Niger Delta produces the oil wealth which accounts for the bulk of Nigeria’s foreign earnings. Paradoxically however, these vast revenuesRead MoreNigeri A Country Part Of Nigeria2595 Words   |  11 PagesNigeria is a country located in West Africa bounded by Republic of Benin from the West, Niger from the North and Chad and Cameroon from the east .They became an independent nation in 1960 from their colonial master â€Å"United Kingdom†. In 1914 , the Northern and Southern part of Nigeria (two colonial states) was amalgamated by Sir. Fredrick Lord Lugard who held the position of â€Å"High Commissioner† for the protectorate of Northern Nigeria . Nigeria is made up of 3 major tribes ;the hausas, yorubas andRead MoreGas Flaring in the Niger Delta7275 Words   |  30 PagesGAS FLARING IN THE NIGER DELTA: ITS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. Abstract Nigeria flares 17.2 billion m3 of natural gas per year in conjunction with the exploration of crude oil in the Niger Delta. This gas flaring expends huge amounts of energy and causes environmental degradation and disease. Even though oil has become the center of current industrial development and economic activities, the links between oil exploration and exploitation processes and the incumbent environmental, health

Julia s Character Development And Transformation

Julia’s character development and transformation in Danzon by Maria Novaro The movie Danzon by Maria Novaro may seem like a typical â€Å"woman seeking man† type of plot, but in actuality the film presents a change in the traditional gender roles. Danzon deviates from the traditional gender roles ever present in Mexican melodramas. Julia is a common phone operator living in Mexico City that only shares her time with her daughter, her job, and danzon. She meets with Carmelo, her dance partner, every Wednesday at a popular salon to show that they are the best at danzon. Although they have been dance partners for years, they do not know each other outside of the world of danzon. When one day Carmelo consecutively seize to appear in their†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the pain and bothersome of the footwear forcibly imposed by the men over women is accentuated through their rapid removal of the shoes right when the dance ends. Which leads to a theme of the movie as a whole - Julia breaking the rigid patriarchal societal structure. Danzon is Jul ia s life - unyielding and manipulated by men, either being a patriarchal culture or her dance partner. The dance is recognized as the only space of coexistence between men and women. A symbolic representation of the relationship between the sexes where their communication compasses their feet, body and arms. The world was danzon, the dance, not the desire to walk with men. It is consistently recognized that the three activities that devotes her life in Mexico City are totally full of guidelines and rules. Julia’s movements follow a pre-established routine, and danzon, like dancing, is the best example of this pre-established order - the discipline and the inability to improvise. It is a dance, like most, where women must go with your partner, where Carmelo puts his hand on her waist and Julia follows his lead. Melodramatic song is often sung by a singer who is not at all present on and throughout the film.

Shaving by Leslie Norris free essay sample

â€Å"Shaving† is a coming-of-age piece that stresses the need for a family to have a strong and responsible leader. In the short story Barry, the main character, is in a position where his father is dying and he has the responsibility of taking care of him. One day after school Barry comes home to shave his father because he is too sick to do it himself. Through this the reader is able to comprehend the idea that Barry is ready to take over his fathers spot in the family. Leslie Norris illustrates that Barry is ready to become patriarch of the family through direct characterization, contrast with weather and symbolism. In â€Å"Shaving† Leslie Norris portrays that Barry is ready to become the leader of the family through direct characterization. Barry is mature and strong, yet his father is weak and now has to rely on Barry for everything. Norris begins implementing this message by describing Barry as how â€Å"He walked solidly now and often alone. We will write a custom essay sample on Shaving by Leslie Norris or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was tall, strongly made; his hands and feet were adult and heavy. The room in which all his life he’d grown had become to small for him† (Norris 1). This promotes the idea that Barry is not just mentally but physically ready to become patriarch of the family. He has grown up and is able to function without depending on someone such as his father. As the story progresses the reader then gets characteristics of â€Å"His father’s face was fine-skin and pallid carried a dark stubble of beard† (Norris 2) that needed to be shaved. The reader can infer that Barry’s father is weak and he is ready to let Barry take over his position in the family. This is justified when Barry’s father lets him shave his face. His father is letting go of himself and is relying on Barry to pick up where he is leaving off. Leslie Norris uses contrast with weather to portray that Barry is ready to become the head of the family. Norris begins indicating this message when the end of the story approaches with â€Å"An overnight frost had still been thick on the roads, but the brisk April sun had soon dispersed it and now he could feel the spring warmth on his back through the thick tweed of his coat† (Norris 1). This demonstrates a change in season but also has the more  profound meaning of a change from boy to man. Manhood is approaching quickly and is hanging over Barry, as it will soon engulf him once his father passes away. As the story reaches its conclusion Barry’s by the window in his parents bathroom when â€Å"The window was full in the beam of dying sunlight and Barry stood there illuminated in its golden warmth for a whole minute, knowing it would soon be gone† (Norris 1). The idea of golden warmth helps emphasize that his dad is present and Barry’s standing looking out knowing that the end will soon come for his father’s life. This exhibits that Barry is mentally mature enough for his dad to soon pass away. Leslie Norris uses symbolism often throughout the short story â€Å"Shaving†, to represent that Barry is ready to become the patriarch of the family. She uses symbolism to bring out important ideas and points throughout the text. When Barry is in his parent’s bathroom preparing a tray of tools to help him shave his father, there is a cup sitting there that he notices. Since â€Å"The cup was much older than Barry. A pattern of fine translucent cracks fine as a web had work itself haphazardly, invisible almost through the white glaze† (Norris 2). This cup represents Barry’s father and how old and decrepit he is becoming. The cracks symbolize the weakness and defeat that his father is feeling and experiencing as he deteriorates himself. As Barry continues to assemble the tray â€Å"His father’s razor was in a blue leather case, hinged at the broad edge was one hinge broken† (Norris 2). The blue leather case symbolizes Barry’s father being sick. The broken hinge also represents the same meaning. This supports the idea that Barry’s father is breaking down and dwindling. He continues to get worse as time goes on and needs Barry to help put back together the pieces. Through direct characterization, contrast with weather and symbolism Leslie Norris illustrates that Barry is ready to become the patriarch of the family. Barry isn’t just mentally but physically ready to take over his father’s position. His father is weak and is ready to let Barry occupy his spot in the family. Norris portrays this through direct characterization of Barry and his father. The use of contrasting with weather also amplifies the idea that his father is willing to relinquish his position in the family to Barry. He is mentally able to conquer the tasks that his father’s position entails. Finally Norris uses symbolism to express the idea that Barry’s father is deteriorating and Barry’s job is to pick up where his father is leaving off. It’s a parent’s job to look after their child but in some cases it’s the child’s job to look after the parent.

In This Paper I Wiil Attempt To Show You That Computers Have Affected

In this paper I wiil attempt to show you that computers have affected people in so many ways over the pass twenty -to twentyfive years. all by just playing a important role in our. over the past twenty we as an society have became very independent on a special electronical device, which is very well known as a computer. they have imediately won our hearts and mine since the first day that they have made their entrance into our homes. they have become to be one the second most reliaible thinginside of a house hold besides the oven our microwave the cpu is the one thing that people think willlast them through out the years of thier lives . beside the fact that the cpu hasbecome more affordable ove r the last ten to twenty many people have yet to master the cpu to the point that they can be call wiz - kids

Stem Cell and Cloning essays

Stem Cell and Cloning essays Negative Consequences of Stem Cell Cloning In Alclous Huxleys science-fiction novel Brave New World the characters speak of a process they call budding . The description of budding has recently popped back into society. Only in todays terminology it is called stem cell cloning. The character, the Director, explains that using one bokanoviskified egg could create ninety-six human beings where as the natural egg would have only created one natural human, and this was progress. Ten years ago the thought of cloning a human resurfaced again in the form of entertainment. A comedy, Multiplicity, was released in 1996, the main character Doug, portrayed by Michael Keaton, had three clones of himself. The clones were made to help him with everyday tasks and extra projects. Each clone looked identical; however they each had their own personalities that were markedly different from one another. The very next year the first successful animal was cloned, a sheep named Dolly. Since those early years many more animals have been clo ned and researchers have actually attempted to clone human beings. The effects of cloning will eventually lead to an unequal balance of power between man and science; leading to disruption and possibly chaos throughout the world. Scientists will create a world in which they become the god, by holding the power to create and destroy human life. The term clone simply means to replicate. There are three types of cloning; molecular, embryo, and stem cell cloning. Molecular cloning uses DNA fragments for medical practices. Embryo cloning uses the whole organism to replicate non-human animals. Finally, stem cell cloning is the practice of duplicating stem cells from somatic cells in tissue cultures. Stem cell cloning is asexual reproduction; the method of this type of cloning is generally referred to as somatic cell nuclear transfer. The nucleus o...

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper Example 7). The post secondary education offers non-degree programs leading to certificates, diplomas and degree levels. The system does not have a second or higher doctorate, but it offers post doctorate research programs. Because of this complexities and levels, the system has been labelled as an obsolete system that requires innovation. Contentious issues exist on the current organization of levels in the education structure, the K-12 structure. Most American learners especially in literature and arithmetic have accused the education structure of inadequacies that that lead to academic incapability. The chief demonstrators of the existence of academic structure issues lay on incompetence in employment places, as well as the escalating numbers of dropouts. This shows that instructors do not utilize appropriate mechanisms to enhance knowledge comprehension and retention, and techniques that stimulate learners’ interest in academics. This dissertation scrutinizes academic reforms, the various facets that it possesses, and suggested modifications. Relevant instructional material and qualified teachers comprise valuable educational components for education at home or school. This enables students to learn and gain skills and knowledge. They also contribute to the ability of students to compete for economic security through job competition. Adequate education provides students with the tools required for engagement in appropriate civic adult life (Rowan, & Miller, p. 5). The consequences of lacking the educational facilities and components have led to decline in the standards of education. The disparities and inadequacies of instructional material, teachers and facilities, indicate a systemic and deep flaw in the national educational system. These flaws include incoherent and fragmented approach to national policymaking. They also indicate a flawed system of school finance based inequitable distribution of resources. Varied individuals suggest differing solutions t o the problem of academic restructuring in America. Additionally, there have been innumerable transformations of the current structure of American education since commencement. The problem lay with defining the perfect system of organizing and delivering of knowledge in academic institutions. This results to a dilemma because of varied ideologies on educational systems from reformists, as well as scholars. In addition, politicians add to the misunderstanding that surrounds the definition of an ideal structure of education worth implementing. Most politicians voice what they perceive as the anticipation of voters (Futrell, p. 9). They lack an understanding of the reality of the inadequacies in the educational systems, and the requirements for educational reforms. This raises debate on the appropriateness of their ideologies (McClure, Wiener, Roza, & Hill, p. 10). There exists a universal conviction in the global community that education provides an imperative resource that crucial fo r involving in life’s triumphs. Education provides the perseverance to acquire skills and the determination to attain objectives and achieve high standards. It permits individuals to comprehend skills of life and the value of possessing such skill; hence the need to ascertain its attainment. Consequently, creating a competitive, educational structure crucially contributes to the wellbeing of

Holistic Comfort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Holistic Comfort - Essay Example As the study stresses  comfort is an intrinsic attribute of nursing and patient care practice. Holistic comfort is crucial in the healing process of a terminally ill patient.   It can be argued that the concept of holistic comfort is significant because it’s a key measure in which medical and health care standards are gauged. If a patient is not comfortable the chances of recovery are limited and this could result to detrimental effects. Nursing and health care practitioners are aware of the role played by comfort in the lives of their patients. This precipitates the nursing professionals to know the degree of comfort they avail to their patients and the impact the intervention on the patient.According to the report findings comfort has been ruled out as an appropriate measure with which patient satisfaction is measured. Comfort to patients affects the way they respond to medication and the treatments they are being offered in the hospital facility. On the other hand, ther e are however no operational or theoretical measures put in place to ensure that the standards of comfort are met but medical personnel can ensure that this is possible. There are several modes of instilling comfort on patient like touching and talking and listening to the patient. This actions makes the patient feel that people around him care and are concerned about his well being.  Medical practitioners should just not be geared towards the treatment of the physical ailment but should also understand the physiological needs of a patient.

Automotive industry Essay Example for Free

Automotive industry Essay Maruti Suzuki India Limited generally famous as Maruti is an ancillary company of the Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation. It has a market share of 44.9% of the Indian passenger car market as of March 2011. Maruti 800 and Alto are their entry level cars. Ritz, A-Star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estilo are their hatch back models. DZire SX4 are Maruti’s Sedan class models. Eeco and Ertiga are Maruti’s C segment class. Grand Vitara is their Sports Utility Vehicle which is directly imported from Japan. Maruti is the 1st company in India to turn out and sell more than a million cars. Maruti Udyog Limited is renamed as Maruti Suzuki India Ltd on 17th September 2007. Maruti companies head quarter is in Nelson Mandela Road, New  Delhi. The company was customary in 1989; however the actual production commenced in 1983 with their Maruti 800. Till 2004 Maruti 800 was the India’s largest selling packed in car ever, since it was launched in 1983. More than a million units of this car have been sold worldwide so far. Maruti imports diesel engines for all their diesel cars from Fiat motors. Maruti’s manufacturing plants are located at two amenities Gurgoan and Manesar south of Delhi. Gurgoan plants installed capacity is of 9, 00,000 units per annum and Manesar plant with a capacity of 5, 00,000 units per year and a diesel plant with an annual capacity of 1, 00,000 engines and transmissions. Maruti has 933 dealerships crossways 666 towns and cities in all states and union territories of India with 2,946 service stations (inclusive of dealer workshops and Maruti Authorised Service Stations) in 1,395 towns and cities all over India. It has 30 Express Service Stations on 30 National Highways across 1,314 cities in India. Service is a major source of proceeds to the company. Most of the service stations help many stranded vehicles on the highways by sending across their repair man to the vehicle. 1.2 Definition Of Marketing According to American Marketing Association (AMA) Board of Directors, Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value of customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Dr. Philip Kotler defines, marketing as â€Å"the science and art of exploring, creating, and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. Marketing identifies unfulfilled needs and desires. It defines measures and quantifies the size of the identified market and the profit potential. It pinpoints which segments the company is capable of serving best and it designs and promotes the appropriate products and services†. 1.3 Customer Perceived Value Customer Perceived Value (CPV) is the distinction between the prospective customer’s evaluation of all the benefits and all the costs of an offering and the perceived alternatives. 1.3.1 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Holbrook Model Typology of Customer Value Holbrook (1994 p. 27) asserted â€Å"Value is an interactive relativistic preference experience†. Based on this Holbrook proposed a typology of consumer value having three different dimensions: Extrinsic/Intrinsic: The consumer perceives value in using or owning a product or services as a means to and end versus an end in itself. Self-oriented/Other-oriented: The consumer perceives value for the consumer’s own benefit as against the benefit of others. Active/Reactive: The customer perceives value through direct use of an object as against apprehending, appreciating or responding to an object. These three dimensions give rise to eight types of customer value Extrinsic Intrinsic Self-oriented Active Efficiency Play Reactive Excellence Aesthetics Other-oriented Active Status Ethics Reactive Esteem Spirituality Thus for a company like Maruti it would be very apt to use this model considering that the products that Maruti Suzuki has to offer fits in quite easily in different dimensions as presented in the typology. 1.3.2 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti Suzuki with reference to Monroe Model Monroe (1990, p. 46) observes, â€Å"Buyers perceptions of value represent a trade-off between the quality or benefits they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceived by paying the price† Monroe has expressed the concept of customer perceived value as the ratio between perceived benefits and perceived sacrifice: Customer Perceived Value= Perceived Benefits ________________ Perceived Sacrifice According to Monroe perceived benefits has a positive influence on consumers perception of product value at first, and later on it may influence consumers purchase intentions. In contrast, perceived sacrifice first has a negative influence on consumers perception of product value, and later on it may influence consumers purchase intentions. Perceived Benefits Here the benefits include customers’ desired value, e.g., quality (Monroe, 1990). Sacrifices, on the other hand, include monetary (price) (Dodds, et al., 1991) and non-monetary (time, effort) (Cronin, et al., 2000) considerations. Therefore, value includes three key factors: (1) quality, (2) price, and (3) convenience (Lemon, et al., 2001), where convenience is the time and effort expended by the customers (Cronin, et al., 2000) In context to Maruti, the customer’s desired value is the quality of the car and services rendered there off. Whereas the sacrifices include the price of the car, maintenance cost, etc. 1.3.3 Customer Perceived Value of Maruti with reference to Woodruff’s Model A Value-Hierarchy Model Woodruff (1997) proposed that â€Å"Customer value is a customer’s perceived preference for and evaluation of those product attributes, attribute performances and consequences arising from use that facilities achieving the customer goals and purposes in use situations.† (p146) Accordingly the customer value hierarchy suggests that customers conceive of desired value in a means-end way. Basically it can be known as a system to run businesses throughout the country by understanding customer’s goal and satisfaction over it (Lister, n.d.) Desired Customer Customer Satisfaction Value with Received Value Customer’s Goals and Purposes Desired Consequences in Use Situations Desired Product Attributes and Attribute Preferences Starting at the bottom of the hierarchy, customers start to think about products as bundles of specific attributes and attribute performances. While purchasing and using a product they form desire or preferences for a certain attribute based on their ability to facilitate achieving desired consequence experiences. Looking down the hierarchy from the top, customers use goals and preferences to attach importance to consequences. Also the customer’s use situation plays a critical role in evaluation as well as in desires. Maruti Suzuki, being an automobile manufacturing company faces a lot of competition. Thus such a model would be very essential for their company. 1.3.4 Consumer perceived value of Maruti with reference to Zeithaml Model Means-End Model An adaptation of a model first proposed by Dodds and Monroe (1985), Zeithaml with her study in 1988 about price, quality and value towards consumers defined this into the concept of Means-End model. (Source: Means-End Model, Zeithaml, 1988) 2. Value Proposition Definition of ‘Value Proposition’ A business or marketing speech that summarizes why a customer should buy an item for consumption or use a service. This statement should prove a potential buyer that one meticulous product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than other like offerings. Companies use this statement to target customers who will benefit most from using the company’s products, and this helps maintain an economic moat. The ideal value proposition is concise and appeals to the customer’s strongest decision-making drivers. Companies pay a high price when customers lose slight of the company’s value proposition. 2.1 Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki ‘Way of Life’ is the Value Proposition of Maruti Suzuki. As India is a country where comfort is vital while travelling, Maruti has always been the first option. As mileage is a big criterion with cars for Indians, Suzuki proves to be better than quite a few other names in cars as its vehicles have a higher mileage; for example Swift gives 22km/ltr while if you compare a Honda City gives around 12-13 km/litre. 2.2 Mission Vision of Maruti Suzuki The Company Mission To make available a wide range of modern, high quality fuel efficient vehicles in order to meet the need of different customers, both in domestic and export markets. The Company Vision We must be an internationally competitive company in terms of our products and services. We must retain our leadership in India and should also aspire to be among the global players. Their focus is on: Building a continuously improving organization adaptable to quick changes Providing value and satisfaction to the customer Aligning and fully involving all our employees, suppliers and dealers to face competition Maximising Shareholder’s value 2.3 Target Market Definition of target market: A specific group of consumers at which a company aims its products and services. Maruti Suzuki has adopted a focused approach and wisely created segments within a large market to promote their cars. Lower Income Group- Maruti 800, Alto  Middle Income Group- Wagon-R, Swift, Swift DZire, Ritz High Income Group- Maruti Suzuki Kizashi, Suzuki Grand Vitara Suzuki Grand Vitara would obviously have no takers amongst the lower income group. 2.4 Market Attractiveness Market attractiveness is a term that describes the profit possibilities available in a given market or industry. The more attractive a market is, the higher the potential profits. Companies in the process of considering entires into new industries or markets conduct a number of analyses to determine whether or not such a move would be good for the business. One such analysis is a market attractiveness analysis, conducted to find out if entering a particular market or industry would be profitable and how much the company could potentially earn. The automobile industry is a huge and diversified market. It can be divided into different segments each satisfying different needs of the customers. These different segments can be classified as: SUV’s, Sedans, Hatchbacks, C segments etc. This gives an automobile company ample amount of opportunities. Maruti Suzuki  is prevalent in all of these segments and is considered as one of the premium brands in all of these segments. In this very market other than the different segments of automobiles also is the service rendered by the company to the customers. Thus the market is as attractive as one would hope for giving Maruti Suzuki a chance to make the most of it.

Henry IS :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is evident that after reading The Red Badge of Courage, there are many different interpretations as to what kind of person Henry is. Some argue that Henry’s change at the end of the novel turned him into an honor earning, noble man. While one battle can change a man, there are always the underlying traits that will never fade away. The beginning of the novel is where Henry’s psychological background is set. Henry’s personality is brutally self-centered, the only person in his mind is himself, and that’s the way it always will be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Henry informed his mother that he was leaving to go to war, he was upset with her reaction. He expected a huge dramatic scene with his mother in tears and begging him to stay home. To his dismay, Henry received a stoic response, in which his mother told him to simply be careful. It was evident through the subtly of his mothers response that she was overly upset by her sons decision, and chose to support him as a good mother would. Henry was too busy worrying about the dissatisfying reaction from his mother to realize that she was hurt and distraught. This example is just a beginning to the selfish thoughts that pollute Henry’s mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry was overly obsessed with obtaining a high reputation on the battlefield. He hoped that an impressive performance during battles would immortalize him as a hero among the rest of the soldiers. Henry holds his head high throughout the entire beginning of the novel, and while he makes mistakes, he does not blame it on himself. Also, Henry ran away from battle, which ends up with one less person in line to fight. Henry was not thinking of the other soldiers he put at risk when he fled, but only his own fear and life. Although he was just one soldier, one soldier can make a difference. When Henry fled from battle, afterwards he blamed it on the other soldiers who did not follow in his footsteps. He found them to be fools for not protecting themselves from death as he did. In order to further increase his high self-image, he faked a wound. Getting hit in the head by the butt end of a rifle is not a hero like quality, so he went along with the lie of getting shot. Luckily, the unsuspecting soldiers believed that a bullet grazed his head, and the bump on his head wasn’t the only factor to how huge Henry’s head looked.

A Case Analysis on Starbucks’ Mission Essay

Summary Named after the first mate in Moby Dick, Starbucks was founded in 1971 by three partners in Seattle’s renowned open-air Pike Place Market. Starbucks is now the third largest restaurant chain in the country, nearly 1,000 stores in 55 countries. It was the intention of director of retail operations and marketing Howard Schlutz to make Starbucks into â€Å"the third place† consumers frequent, after home and work. You can find a Starbucks in various settings including office buildings, bookstores, and university campuses. Starbucks promotes convenience by selling its products through retail outlets. In order to remain competitive, Starbucks has introduced many new products over the years. The recent global recession brought a change in policy, causing Starbucks to cut back on expansion in the US and focus more on international markets. See more:  Perseverance essay Taking necessary measures to remain relevant, Starbucks has come up with successful, â€Å"keep customers coming† methods such as, Breakfast pairings, VIA instant coffee, Starbucks card, even a mobile app. Another key part of the Starbucks image involves its commitment to ethics and sustainability, â€Å"people first, profit last†. Because of its strong corporate culture, Starbucks has been ranked Fortune’s â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work for† for nearly a decade as well as being voted â€Å"Most Ethical Company† Founder and chair Schlutz is a true believer that ethical companies do better in the long run. Starbucks is also actively involved with nonprofit organizations around the globe including but not limited to Bono’s Product RED who raise money for HIV and AIDS research. The company also makes $14.5 in loans t poor farmers around the world. Schlutz key to maintaining a strong business is â€Å"creating an environment where everyone bel ieves they’re part of something larger than themselves but believes they also have a voice.† The company’s efforts at transparency, the treatment of its workers, and its dozens of philanthropic commitments demonstrate how genuine Starbucks is in its mission to be an ethical and socially responsible company. Its reputation is built on product quality, stakeholder concern, and a balanced approach to all of its business activities. In spite of Starbucks efforts to maintain high ethical standards, the company has garnished harsh criticisms on issues such as lack of fair trade coffee, hormone added milk, Schlutz alleged financial links to the Israeli government and that the company’s relentless growth has forced locally run coffee shops out of business. The challenges that the company has experienced and will continue to experience have convinced it to focus on its strengths. And despite setbacks, allegations, and the recession, the future looks bright for Starbucks. Questions 1.Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility for two main reasons, to investigate its negative impact on the company’s financial and nonfinancial rewards. According to our textbook, Starbucks has been engaged in responsible business practices almost from day one. Being socially responsible Starbucks has its financial and nonfinancial rewards say Schultz. â€Å"Whom is a firm believer of ethics, they do better in the long run. Because of Starbucks’ dedication to their employees and their suppliers, Starbucks had earned their loyalty. During the 2008-2009 recession, they decided to refocus their strategy. They closed several hundred underperforming locations in response to the economic downturn. They also introduced â€Å"breakfast pairings†, a Starbucks-styled value meal, for an affordable price. They even introduced an instant coffee consumers can brew at home. Due of their substantial growth over two decades, they have spent a considerable amount of time defending their image, due to their â€Å"clustering† strategy to many small coffee shops out of business and many consumers began to wonder if there really was a need for two Starbucks right across the street from each other. Finally Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy because it’s popular! Also it helps the company’s image, to care about the community and the environment. Those are positive standpoints that define the company’s self portrayal, it’s important how you look on the outside but in the end it’s all about sales! 2.Is Starbucks unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits its employees? Most companies, though they value their employees, have not been known to put them on the pedestal employees of Starbucks have been put on. Founder Schlutz key to maintain a strong business is â€Å"creating an environment where everyone believes they’re part of something larger than themselves but believes they also have a voice.† Nonetheless Starbucks benefits package is a key reason why it has remarkable low employee turnover and high productivity. 3.Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want? Both aspects have lead to the growth of the company. Its clean ethical nature has allowed for the company to be deemed trust worthy but all those involved with in it. The consumer friendly accommodations have kept the customers happy. Its community involvement has shown its concern for more than just profit. The company’s efforts at transparency, the treatment of its workers, and its dozens of philanthropic commitments demonstrate how genuine Starbucks is in its mission to be an ethical and socially responsible company. Thus far gaining growth.

Istihsan and Sharia Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1793 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Basically, the rulings that had been made by the Companions and Successors were often based on their own understanding for the spirit and Shariah purpose. So, the rulings that are made by the Companions and Successors are not in restricted manner and also not in giving the exact meaning of the rules because they are not literalist. Therefore, istihsan has been made as the antidote to literalism which gives a wide interpretation of the law in order to sustain equality and also righteousness which is considered as the fifth role of istihsan. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Istihsan and Sharia Law" essay for you Create order For instance, oral evidence is the regular type of gaining the evidence and proof in Islamic law[1]. Normally, in oral evidence it needs two upright (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"adl) witnesses except if the law had stated otherwise for instance in proving zina (adultery), it needs to have four witnesses in order to prove adultery. Al-Quran had clearly stated regarding the matter of number of witnesses that are needed however as for the matter on how to gain the evidence it had been determined by using consensus that it should be made verbally. The Muslim jurists believe that the direct testimony of a witness in front of the judge without any intermediary is the best way of discovering the truth. However, the question that arises is that whether one should still insist on oral testimony at a time when there are other methods like photography, sound recording, laboratory analyses, etc. which provide equally in order to establish the truth. Thus, alternative ruling should be taken into account while departing from the established rule. By using istihsan it would validate these new techniques in order to uphold the spirit of establishing the truth rather than just using oral testimony to establish the truth[2]. By looking at the oral testimony example, it can be seen clearly that the Companions and Successors had given specific type of method in order to establish the truth which is oral testimony but by using istihsan the methods of proving the truth should be broaden by not only giving oral testimony but also other methods like photography and sound recording. Therefore, it show us that istihsan does have the role of as an antidote to literalism in which it had taken the broader way in order to bring justice and fairness. Another role of istihsan is that it is a principle which approves the parting from an established rule with another ruling which is stronger compared to the previous ruling. It can be seen clearly by looking at the definition that had been given by Ibn Taymiyyah which is one of the Hanbalià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurist. IbnTaymiyyah said that istihsan is the desertion of one authorized rule (hukm) with another rule which is more better or stronger on the basis of the Al-Quran ,Sunnah or consensus[3]. In addition, Abu Zahrah which is one of the Hanafià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sjurist had stated that the essence of istihsan is to formulate a decision which sets apart an established analogy where by doing such withdrawal to the ruling can maintain the greater meaning of the Shariah. In addition, according to the majority of jurists, istihsan involves the departure from qiyas jali (obvious analogy) to qiyas khafi (hidden analogy). Qiyas Jali is a straightforward qiyas or clear qiyas where can be easily intelligible to the mind. Example of qiyas jali can be seen in the analogy between wine and herbal drink where herbal drink is considered as drink that can cause intoxication. Both wine and the herbal drink had the same effective cause (illah) whic h of being intoxicating. However, qiyas khafi can be defined as a form of analogy where it is not clear or obvious which cannot be seen to the naked eye and it will only be intelligible through a deeper thought. Qiyas khafi which can also be called as istihsan is better and also more operative in keeping away the hardship compared to qiyas jali. This is because qiyas khafi does not arrived from shallow thought of similarities but it had been done by going through deeper thoughts and analysis[4]. When the jurist faced upon a problem which there is no ruling can be found in the Al-Quran or Sunnah then the jurist can pursuit in looking for a ruling and also try to find the best resolution by using analogy. The act of jurist to find for the best alternatives will end up with two different resolutions; where one that are based on an obvious analogy and another one which is based on the hidden analogy. However, if there are any clashes between the two analogies then the prior analogy m ust be overruled by the latter analogy. The hidden analogy is more preferable compared to the obvious analogy and this is one form of istihsan. An example of istihsan that consist of parting from qiyas jali to qiyas khafi is in waqf (charitable endownment) of cultivated land which comprises the assignment or transferring of all the additional rights which are attached to the property like the right of water, right of passage and right of flow. Even though, all the ancillary rights are not explicitly stated in the waqf itself but it will be considered that the waqf is valid and this ruling is based on qiyas khafi (istihsan)[5]. To explain it in further, it can be seen that in Islamic law of contract, the contract of sale must clearly mentioned the object of contract and if it is not specified then it will not be included. By looking at this ruling, we can make a direct analogy (qiyas jali) between sale and waqf because both involve in transfer of ownership. Thus, it can be conclud ed that if the additional rights had been explicitly stated in the waqf then only it will be included in the waqf but if it does not explicitly stated in the waqf then it will not be included in the waqf. The issue that arise is that this direct analogy (qiyas jali) if being followed, it will lead us to unequitable results where the waqf of cultured lands that are without its additional or ancillary rights would prevent the essential rationale of waqf which is to ease the use of property for charitable purposes. Therefore, in order to avoid this hardship, an alternative analogy should be taken into account where it is called qiyas khafi (istihsan). In this case, the qiyas khafi is to draw similarity with the contract of lease (ijarah) and not with contact of sale. Both ijarah and waqf can be compared to each other because both also involve the transfer of usufruct. By using the alternative analogy, it can be said that waqf is included even without explicitly specify the ancillary ri ghts of the property[6]. Other than that, there is another type of istihsan which is called as exceptional istihsan (istihsanistithnaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢i) where the role of this type of istihsan is to make an exception to the general rule of the present law when the jurist believed that by making such exception, justice and equity will be uphold better. The decision that the jurist had made is as a result of the jurist personal ijtihad or the exception had been supported by the nass (Al-Quran and Sunnah), ijmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, approved custom, necessity (darurah), or considerations of public interest (maslahah)[7]. One of the example of exceptional istihsan that had been supported by the Al-Quran is regarding bequests to relatives ( Surah Al-Baqarah 2: 180). This Quranic verse signifies the exception from the general rule of Shariah where that a bequest (inheritance) is basically not valid because bequest controls the partition of the land once the testator had died and the n ew rule do not allow the act of quicken the process of bequest. Since a bequest although had been made while the testator was alive but it will only be effective after the testator had died, it is basically ultra vires and it is an equivalent to an intervention in the rights of the legal heirs[8]. However, the Al-Quran had permitted bequest to be an exception to the general principle where it considers a fair distribution of wealth in the family by way of exceptional istihsan[9]. Another example of exceptional istihsan can be seen based on necessity (darurah) where regarding on the method of adopting for the purification of polluted wells. Water in a well cannot be used for ablution if it has been polluted by impure substances and the water in the well also cannot be purified by removing the part which is impure. It also cannot be poured either because of the continuous contact with the water that flows in the well. In order to solve this matter, it had been found through istihsa n where wells that had been contaminated can be cleansed by eliminating particular amount containers of water from the well. The precise amount of containers of water that should be eliminated from the contaminated well will be determined by looking at the type and the intensity of pollution that had been made. In this matter, istihsan had prevented human from going through hardship by reason of necessity[10]. Moreover, istihsan can also be used as a method that can improve the existing law where it can strip of the unreasonable and unwanted components in order to enhance it by making necessary exceptions. In other words, basically istihsan functions within the boundaries of the current situation and it does not pursue a fundamental amendment in the present law even though it has the potential to effect innovation and refinement. Usually judges and lawyers are unwilling to advance from the present law or to make any exceptions even if there are evidence that clearly shows that th e departure will bring fairness and justice. This is due to the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role itself where they need to enforce and follow the law in whatever means. Therefore, it is advisable if the legislature can allow the judges to use istihsan in cases where that is the only way in order to achieve justice and fairness and it also can improve the existing law to be much better[11]. [1] Shah Abdul Hannan. Istihsan (Juristic Preference).Retrievved from https://thequranblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/istihsan.pdf [2]Mohammad HashimKamali. (1991). Principes of Islamic Jurisprudence (2nd ed.). Ilmiah Publishers. [3]Ibid [4]Ibid [5]Ibid [6]Ibid [7] Ibid [8]Mohammad HashimKamali. Istihsan and The Renewal of Islamic Law. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.my/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=3ved=0CCwQFjACurl=https://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/publications-sp-1447159098/articles/item/download/33_eb478d70dc61015675330077d946987b.htmlei=PiLyU9HVIcGcugSKqoCoDAusg=AFQjCNG8Q1FNiaBt5l6swEFewJq_qDMWRwsig2=DyXYDy-5VYu9ppxaLm6tPg [9]Mohammad HashimKamali. (1991). Principes of Islamic Jurisprudence (2nd ed.). Ilmiah Publishers. [10]Ibid [11]Ibid